[HTML][HTML] Mathematical modeling predicts that increased HSV-2 shedding in HIV-1 infected persons is due to poor immunologic control in ganglia and genital mucosa
JT Schiffer, DA Swan, A Magaret, TW Schacker… - PloS one, 2016 - journals.plos.org
JT Schiffer, DA Swan, A Magaret, TW Schacker, A Wald, L Corey
PloS one, 2016•journals.plos.orgA signature feature of HIV infection is poor control of herpes virus infections, which reactivate
from latency and cause opportunistic infections. While the general mechanism underlying
this observation is deficient CD4+ T-cell function, it is unknown whether increased severity of
herpes virus infections is due primarily to poor immune control in latent or lytic sites of
infection, or whether CD4+ immunodeficiency leads to more critical downstream deficits in
humoral or cell-mediated immunologic responses. Here we compare genital shedding …
from latency and cause opportunistic infections. While the general mechanism underlying
this observation is deficient CD4+ T-cell function, it is unknown whether increased severity of
herpes virus infections is due primarily to poor immune control in latent or lytic sites of
infection, or whether CD4+ immunodeficiency leads to more critical downstream deficits in
humoral or cell-mediated immunologic responses. Here we compare genital shedding …
A signature feature of HIV infection is poor control of herpes virus infections, which reactivate from latency and cause opportunistic infections. While the general mechanism underlying this observation is deficient CD4+T-cell function, it is unknown whether increased severity of herpes virus infections is due primarily to poor immune control in latent or lytic sites of infection, or whether CD4+ immunodeficiency leads to more critical downstream deficits in humoral or cell-mediated immunologic responses. Here we compare genital shedding patterns of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) in 98 HIV infected and 98 HIV uninfected men matched on length of infection, HSV-1 serostatus and nationality. We demonstrate that high copy HSV-2 shedding is more frequent in HIV positive men, particularly in participants with CD4+ T-cell count <200/μL. Genital shedding is more frequent due to higher rate of shedding episodes, as well as a higher proportion of prolonged shedding episodes. Peak episode viral load was not found to differ between HIV infected and uninfected participants regardless of CD4+ T-cell count. We simulate a mathematical model which recapitulates these findings and identifies that rate of HSV-2 release from neural tissue increases, duration of mucosal cytolytic immune protection decreases, and cell-free viral lifespan increases in HIV infected participants. These results suggest that increased HSV-2 shedding in HIV infected persons may be caused by impaired immune function in both latent and lytic tissue compartments, with deficits in clearance of HSV-2 infected cells and extracellular virus.
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